Build your own hydraulic forging press pdf

In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary anvil. Open-die forging is also known as smith forging. Most forging operations use metal-forming dies, which must be precisely machined and carefully heat-treated to correctly shape the workpiece, as well as to withstand the tremendous forces involved.ДЄ large 80 ton cylinder of hot steel in an open-die forging press, ready for the upsetting phase of forging In the case of drop forging operations, provisions must be made to absorb the shock and vibration generated by the hammer. Owing to the size of the massive forging hammers and presses and the parts they can produce, as well as the dangers inherent in working with hot metal, a special building is frequently required to house the operation. In the case of hot forging, a high-temperature furnace (sometimes referred to as the forge) is required to heat ingots or billets. Production forging involves significant capital expenditure for machinery, tooling, facilities and personnel. Alloys that are amenable to precipitation hardening, such as most aluminium alloys and titanium, can be hot forged, followed by hardening. Also, while work hardening may be desirable in some circumstances, other methods of hardening the piece, such as heat treating, are generally more economical and more controllable. Hot forging prevents the work hardening that would result from cold forming, which would increase the difficulty of performing secondary machining operations on the piece. Some metals may be forged cold, but iron and steel are almost always hot forged. Considering all the costs that are incurred in a product's life cycle from procurement to lead time to rework, and factoring in the costs of scrap, and downtime and other quality considerations, the long-term benefits of forgings can outweigh the short-term cost savings that castings or fabrications might offer. Additionally, forgings can achieve a lower total cost than casting or fabrication. As a result, the texture variation is continuous throughout the part, giving rise to a piece with improved strength characteristics. As the metal is shaped during the forging process, its internal grain texture deforms to follow the general shape of the part. Some steam hammers remain in use, but they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient, power sources.ДЇorging can produce a piece that is stronger than an equivalent cast or machined part. Smaller power hammers, 500В lb (230В kg) or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art smithies as well. These hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds. In modern times, industrial forging is done either with presses or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam.

The smithy or forge has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry. Traditionally, forging was performed by a smith using hammer and anvil, though introducing water power to the production and working of iron in the 12th century allowed the use of large trip hammers or power hammers that increased the amount and size of iron that could be produced and forged. ValaЕЎskГ© muzeum v pЕ™ГrodД›, Czech RepublicДЇorging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes.

Build your own hydraulic forging press pdf